Jane Austen’s View on Men: The Contrasts of the Gentlemen Essay

What Brabourne has astutely perceived is not only Austen’s ability to tell extraordinary stories about ordinary people, but also her penchant of revealing, through her works, the various aspects of the nature and behaviour of men and women. Jane Austen is regarded as one of the leading novelists of her era. Some of her most notable works include Pride and Prejudice, Emma and Sense and Sensibility. A common element that the reader will find in all these novels is the author’s attempt to explore the many facets of the human temperament. It is widely accepted that Austen’s novels delve into the consciousness of the female mind and the factors that govern their behaviour. Through her complex female characters, she expressed her own views and outlooks and displayed subtle hints of feminism. But what many readers fail to discern is her tendency to analyse the qualities of her male counterparts. The word â€Å"gentleman† has lost some of its profundity in the world as it exists today. But a gentleman in the pre-Victorian era was considered to be a man of principles and values. Not only did he conduct himself in a manner most chivalrous and civil but also possessed a polite and sophisticated demeanour, and more often than not, the luxury of wealth. One might have been a gentleman by birth, which would include a man born in a noble and respectable family, enjoying a higher status in society as compared to the commoners. Therefore, one might say that social position and family were major attributes considered while terming someone a gentleman. Such men seldom indulged in work or manual labour and lived mainly off of the property and wealth that was bequeathed to them. A man could also acquire the title of a gentleman by exhibiting the traits required to be possessed by one. Such men worked their way up the social ladder by attaining wealth and status, mingling with people of noble upbringing and developing a courteous and refined disposition. In order to fully comprehend as well as appreciate the implication and significance of Jane Austen’s works, it is highly imperative to consider her novels in the light of how they reflected upon her views regarding â€Å"gentlemen†, as well as men in general. Without analysing the role that men play in the novels of Jane Austen, it would not be feasible for the reader to recognise the complete magnitude of her works. By inspecting Austen’s point of view regarding men, the reader can gain an insight into the diverse qualities that men exhibit, in addition to the relationships and experiences in Austen’s own life that govern her characters. Further it also allows us to relate to the men in our own lives. The reader will find numerous instances wherein Austen has endeavoured to explicate upon her notions regarding men. She has examined many characters of diverse natures in order to establish the different types of gentlemen that existed in the society of her times. Austen frequently used comparison and contrast as a means of expressing her views lucidly. She brought into the picture two gentlemen of varying natures, and by weighing one against the other, ascertained the distinctive characteristics displayed by them. Jane Austen’s scrutiny of men is limited not only to their physical appearance, but extends to their emotional and mental conditions. She has examined and judged men based on their intelligence, their sense of morality, their aptitude and their financial situation. Conclusion: The society that existed during Jane Austen’s life and times was primarily a patriarchal one. Men wore the pants and controlled all the major affairs. Through her works, Austen has attempted to deconstruct this society and give her readers a glimpse into the circumstances of the time. Her works have also permitted us to identify with her own thoughts and notions regarding society, the role of women and also her views on men. She has employed characters of varying dispositions, in each of her works, to attain the said objective. Her works including Pride and Prejudice, Emma and Sense and Sensibility are all examples of such works. In Pride and Prejudice, the reader will find that the two focal characters that Austen has used to illustrate her approach are Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy and George Wickham. The two men are largely represented through the eyes of Ms. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel. While Mr. Darcy is at first portrayed as a prejudiced, condescending and supercilious individual, the latter is depicted as being more congenial and gracious. Both however, had grown up under the same roof. The disparity shown in the two gentlemen’s natures suggests that even though two persons may be brought up to imbibe the same sets of values and traditions, it is quite possible that they may turn out quite different from one another. The rearing of a person often has a less considerable impact upon him than his own innate character. But ultimately, what Elizabeth and the readers discover is that a man cannot be judged simply by his appearance. Wickham, who appears to be polite and quite the gentleman is revealed to be a treacherous and perfidious person on account of his deceitful actions. On the other hand, we realize that Mr. Darcy is the true gentleman, a man of honour, fidelity and sincerity. By contrasting the characters of Darcy and Wickham, time and again, Austen has shrewdly imparted knowledge as to the attributes of an honest man and a true gentleman. Emma is another one of Jane Austen’s works that provides us with an insight into the diverse natures displayed by men. Here the distinguishing factor lies in the way in which a man puts his mental and intellectual qualities to use. Further, it also elucidates the importance that a gentleman would ascribe to his social and moral responsibilities. While George Knightley uses his intellect for the purpose of doing good Frank Churchill uses his mental capabilities for selfish and unethical reasons. The former is driven by his sense of responsibility towards society as well as the cause of morality; the latter is driven by corrupt intentions that would benefit no one but himself. In Sense and Sensibility, Austen employs the characters of Colonel Brandon and John Willoughby to demonstrate the essence of gentlemanly behaviour. The conduct of a man, particularly towards women is a crucial feature in determining his potential for being called a gentleman. Willoughby, although suave, handsome and an epitome of the young, charming men that women covet, is far from being a gentleman. Brandon is the gentleman, having comported himself in that manner. They are both in love with the same woman and yet it is their behaviour towards her that causes to differentiate between them. An element of emotion has been brought into play here by the author, wherein she establishes the disparate nature of the two men by depicting one as kind and thoughtful, and the other as unsympathetic and callous. The above mentioned works reveal different facets of a man’s nature that would endow him with the privilege of being referred to as a gentleman. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen has proved that it is the conduct and behaviour of the men that distinguish them from one another. In Emma, she reveals her belief that it is the aspect of how one uses his mental faculties that brings out the true gentleman. Understanding one’s moral duties and ensuring that one is faithful to them is a sign of an absolute gentleman. And lastly, in Sense and Sensibility, emotional and behavioural traits define a gentleman. Austen here discloses her standpoint about the significance of a man’s conduct and the virtues of being considerate and sympathetic in establishing his being a gentleman. At the end of all three novels, it is the true gentleman that succeeds in winning over his love, confirming that Jane Austen was of the opinion that it is always the noble, well-mannered, kind and moral man that is ultimately victorious.

Online Marketing at Big Skinny Essay

After analyzing the case it is recommended that Big Skinny should revisit their online marketing options and prioritize what they should be concentrating on to make a good stand in online market and create a brand name. This would help them create a customer base whom they can introduce with new buying options later on. They should start with social media, interactive marketing and online distributors first. For making their online marketing campaign a success it is necessary that customers are confident of their product. Wallets are a kind of product which are best analyzed by touching and feeling the material. So the people who have already owned a big skinny wallet or have heard enough about the brand will be most confident to buy it online. So its possible that in initial days of their online market they will get large number of repeat purchases and lesser new purchases. For creating their brand value online, initially they should only use online distributors who are trusted by t he customers, like Amazon and ebay . This would also help avoid the glitches like wrong discount coupon distribution and many other losses associated with it. They should be selective when it comes to the reputation of the website which is distributing their product and make sure that customer revisits the site because of their product and not just to find some discounted deals. As they already have a huge and happy customer base they should inspire these customers to come online and promote other people to buy their product using social media. They can also introduce some kind of reward point system for regular customers to encourage them to visit their online resources and buy product form there and leave recommendations. Other ways to promote their product can be TV commercials, email promotion and online rebates etc. Now, coming to other promotion strategies which they should consider next when they have got a good online customer response. The Display advertisements only get clicked 0.1% of the time and also takes a lot of time for theirsite to be listed as top site, so they should save their money by not concentrating on this option. As far as sponsored search is considered, as indicated in their chart they are paying a high price for a phrase like â€Å"Leather wallet†, which is not even their priority and main product. I would suggest they should also use words like â€Å"best Gifts for him† â€Å"Christmas gift for dad† etc. because wallets are considered great gifts for festivities and birthda ys. Another long term suggestion to increase their customers would be to categorize items on various customer categories like, wallets for women and senior people etc. Moreover, they should also keep expanding their physical market and should contact more retail stores to sell and promote their product. They can also make a liaison with a well-established brand like Macy’s or Ralph Lauren to get a proper and famous outlet for their product.

Asignment Performance Management Essay

Weiss and Hartle (1997) â€Å"A process for establishing a shared understanding about what is to be achieved and how it is to be achieved, and an approach to managing people that increases the probability of achieving success† * In my experience performance management means different things the different people. In the company I currently work for performance management is thought of in the negative as being a process by which managers are able to take employees to task over bad performance and ultimately get rid of them. This may seem archaic and it is the most negative example I have come across in my work life so far, however, even in more forward thinking companies’ employees are often skeptical and suspicious of the performance management process. Conversely I have been fortunate to see performance management at its best. For me performance management is all about taking the core goals of the organisation and ensuring that departmental, team and individuals tasks and behaviors link to and support these goals. In this way employees understand what is expected of them, why the work is important and how it links into the overall performance of the organisation. They are engaged and feel confident in their work knowing that they are contributing to the success of the company. Performance management assists oganisations in motivating and empowering their employees by setting clear goals and rewarding them not only for what they achieve but also the way in which they achieve. In doing this organisations can focus on what is really important to the success of the business. They can recruit and retain the best employees, and motivate and develop by training and challenging the workforce. Performance management allows succession planning so that job roles can be filled with skilled, motivated, experienced employees. Components of Performance Management Performance management is a cyclical process involving a number different components. Goal setting is a key component of the Performance Management process. The organisation’s overall goals should start the chain and depending of the size and structure of the organization these goals. The process should start with the organisational goals which are designed to ensure the performance of the organisation leads to successful business. These goals cascade down to business areas, departments, teams and individuals. For individual employees their job description and the team’s  goals will form the basis of their individual goals. It is important that they understand how their own goals link into those of the organisation, why the work they are doing is important and how it contributes to the overall success of the organisation. There must be agreement on individual goals if they are to be embraced by the individual and they must be SMART if they are to be effective. Specific Measureable Achievable Results Orientated (Relevant) Time bound It is important that individuals are clear on what is expected of them, that they feel the goals can be achieved and that they that they are challenging and interesting. Key to the achievement of goals is regular communication. Communication may be formal or informal but can include updates from the individuals, feedback from colleagues, managers and clients, one to ones or team meetings. This communication is invaluable in employees on track to achieving their goals and making changes when necessary. Performance appraisals are another important component of performance management. These events are often undertaken annually and provide a formal appraisal of the individual’s competence in their role. Individuals and their managers have the opportunity to discuss, provide feedback and evidence of the individual’s achievements (against goals) and, in some organisations, the way in which those achievements were met (behaviours). Some companies also undertake half yearly reviews or appraisals with the view to making sure that that performance stays on track between annual appraisals. This is also an opportunity to review existing goals and set new ones. Performance improvement or development planning is another part of performance management. Areas for improvement or development may be identified at any time during the performance management process but typically come out of appraisal discussions. As with goals it is important that there is agreement on development plans and that activities to develop individuals are varied and effective. If employees are going to achieve their goals and develop their skills, knowledge and delivery within their role they must have access to the appropriate training and coaching. Whether employees require  development because they do not meet their current performance requirements or in order to progress to the next level, training and coaching are also key elements within a comprehensive performance management process. Motivation and performance Management This relationship between motivation and performance management can be complex and individual to each employee. There are numerous motivational theories all of which have elements of authenticity to them. I have looked at two motivational theories, McGregor and Vroom. Douglas McGregor’s theory ‘details two contrasting models of workforce motivation’ ** Theory X suggests that the average person is basically lazy and don’t like work. They prefer to be told what to do and don’t want responsibility. As such there needs to be tight control of the individual and threats of loss or punishment are the best ways to motivate them. Theory Y is the opposite, assuming that most people enjoy work, that they are happy to take responsibility under the right circumstances and that they can be self-motivated to do a good job. This motivation can be enhanced when managers are able to appreciate the employee and develop their trust. Victor Harold Vroom’s theory, to me, has links to the ‘Y Theory’, the theory suggests that factors such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities drive an individual’s performance. It proposes that employees are motivated by what they expect to receive in return for their effort and what that expected reward means to the employee. This is referred to as ‘Expectancy theory’ and links together in the following way: Expectancy: Does the individual feel the effort they put in will lead to high performance. What is their levels of confidence in what they are capable of doing? Do they have the appropriate resources, knowledge and training to carry out their role? Instrumentality: If the individual achieves a high level of performance is there reward for their efforts and can they be sure they will receive it. Employees must be able to trust that they will. Valence: Is the reward offered/expected one that the individual values. For the reward to motivate it must have importance for the individual, be it financial, recognition, promotion and so on. For me the key to Vroom’s theory and its success in motivating employees is that every individual is different, each has their own needs, wants, expectations and values based on the individuals frame of reference. Management must know and respect the individual and what they want. Reward within Performance management: I have already discussed reward in relation to motivation and how the reward on offer may need to bespoke to the individual in order to be effective. There is, however, a far wider aspect to reward with a performance management process. Reward to attract and to motivate Pay is usually the first thought when talking about reward in employment. It is important that a realistic but attractive salary is offered initially when recruiting new employees. Pay continues to be important for most individuals throughout their employment, however it is not the only way in way employees can be rewarded. Within my current organization pay is only increased annually, across the board, which has little to do with performance except for acknowledging that employees are rewarded for working for the company in line with cost of living rises. Currently there is no performance management process within my organization other than dealing with poor performance in a ‘theory X’ style, employees are serviced with a notice of improvement linked to termination of their contact. Outside of the annual pay increase financial reward is only given if a good employee threatens to leave. Practice is known to all employees via the grapevine and acts to demotivates those who don’t wish to take this approach. I have, however, worked within another organization where annual increases were calculated on performance throughout the year based on a truly robust appraisal system. Engaged and motivated employees were encouraged to collect factual evidence of their achievements and to present and rate this evidence at their appraisal. Ratings were discussed and agreed and then, then to ensure fairness, underwent cross calibration at departmental level. Employees felt they were treated fairly and rewarded not just for their efforts over the year but for their ownership of managing their own performance. Another type of reward for performance, which is being rolled out currently by my employer, is to provide opportunity for high performing  individuals to their knowledge of the business through a shadowing scheme. This has raised employee’s morale as they feel they will be able to perform more effectively and this could, in turn, lead to better opportunities and perhaps promotion. It has also encouraged other individuals to improve their performance in order to be able participate in the scheme. As I have discussed an employee’ perception of the value of reward will vary from one to another. values The need to provide a variety of rewards in line with employee’s expectations and personal preference is supported in the concept of Total Reward schemes. These scheme look at all the rewards and benefits that are or could be provided to employees recognition work/life balance company culture employee development environment, including job design and the physical workspace. *Management and Motivation, Vroom, V.H., Deci, E.L., Penguin 1983 (first published 1970) ** Wikipedia 3 x components of total reward system 1 of which should b non financial Weiss and Hartle (1997)

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing - Essay Example 379). With the convenience of having an own bathroom allows the guests to enjoy their bath. After all, it is less convenient if guests will need to leave their rooms and compete for the use of a common bathroom. In addition, crowding may occur if public bathrooms are the only ones available in the hotel that might decrease the number of customers of Ritz Carlton. Ritz Carlton also maintains its high number of guests by keeping their services top-of-the-line. They train their employees to project the best of their service by following three conditions: welcoming the guests with a salutation using their names, attending to the needs of the customers, and saying a polite goodbye to leaving clients (Last name of textbook’s author, year, p. 379). The three aforementioned conditions boost the overall hospitality of the employees to the guests of their hotel. The customers will feel their importance once the service providers address them personally. Studies supports the claims regar ding the relationship development can be boosted by face and name recognition. By addressing the clients personally, the connection is built and transformed from pseudo relationships to paying and loyal customers (O’Fallon and Rutherford, 2011, p. 30). ... 116). In Ritz Carlton, their employees are constantly reminded regarding the service values by the unique method of the managers. Each manager carries a laminated list of the service values to consistently remind their employees to follow them (Last name of textbook’s author, year, p. 379). In addition, the constant reminder adds confidence to the employees to exert their best efforts to accommodate the guests nicely. Those actions contribute to the increase in loyal customers of the hotel and keep up with the competition. The top-of-the-line hospitality in Ritz Carlton is also influenced by the successful and unique strategy done by the management together with the employees. Everyday the managers remind their employees about their values and mission by spending 15 minutes of story-telling regarding the unique instances that happened in the hotel. Those captured moments were retold to boost the employee confidence since the stories serve as role models in building rapport and rendering the best services to their clients. The true stories also recognize the employee who showed exemplary actions to please their guests and even meet the unexpected needs of the clients (Last name of textbook’s author, year, p. 379). In response, employees are motivated more than before since they would like to be appreciated like the exemplary workers in the wow stories shared everyday at Ritz Carlton Hotel. They can boost their service quality by feeling good and imagining that it is also possible for them to be praised by the management when they get to display an exemplary example (Bidgoli, 2010, p. 402). In addition, it has been proven

Nursing Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Intervention - Essay Example History of music therapy In the United States music therapy began in the 18th century. However, using music for treatment began thousands of years ago this is evident even in the- bible and some early writings of India and China. The music program was introduced in the US in 1984. This was after a cancer support group in the US came up with the program to assist in cancer treatment. Music has been used in medicine for many years; Greeks had a belief that music could heal both the soul and body. Music was used in rituals to heal millennia in native America. Music was also used in World War II by US doctors for healing soldiers who suffered shell shock. Hains (1996) reveals that in 1994 Michigan State University came up with the music therapy degree. Today, more universities offer both undergraduate and postgraduate degree in music therapy most of these degree courses are proven by the American Music therapy association. To qualify, the bachelor’s degree holders must at least ha ve trained for 1200 hours in clinical training and at least one internship session. Many hospitals these days have music therapists working for them as cancer-management teams and cancer centers helping in planning and evaluation of treatment. Some services are even covered with health insurance agencies. Research Research has shown the value of music therapy on the mind, body and spirit of both adults and children it has shown that music therapy when used with anti-nausea drugs for patients on chemotherapy helps in easing both nausea and vomiting; some experiments have even shown that music therapy can treat short-term pain including cancer pains. Some studies have shown that music therapy can be used to reduce the period through which a patient undergoes pain. It has also been discovered that when used hand in hand with painkillers, it can to reduce the amount of pain drugs in patients. Some studies have shown that music therapy can also be used to improve comfort, relaxation and pain control. According to Hains (1996), quite a number of cancer patients who used music therapy were discovered to have improved health status in relation to their life spans. It was discovered that most of the music therapy was effective in the short term effect while it had little or no effect in long-term. Heart rate, blood pressure, depression and breathing rate have also been seen to reduce in cases of music therapy no one can tell the way music can affect the life of people as research is still going on and more is still coming up. Students taking music lessons have been discovered to have an improved IQ as compared to those who do not have music lessons; a fact that has extended even to nonmusical performances. These studies show how music can be used in so many ways and can be used to improve the lives of people. Benefits of music therapy Music therapy can be used with a variety of emotional and psychological symptoms. It can be used to treat cancer as well as help reduce pain, anxiety and nausea, which are discomforts experienced after chemotherapy. Some believe that music therapy can be used to improve the healthcare of children with cancer by promoting cooperation and social interaction (Hains, 1996). Research has further proven that music therapy helps to improve the concentration span of an individual. It has

Starting a Business Online Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Starting a Business Online - Assignment Example They may think the prices are too high and since a sales person is not in front of them to convince them, impulse buying may be limited. Opportunities: After going online, the clothing store can explore and tap a niche market to differentiate itself from the competition. It can position some products as unique to the area in which the store is located. Moving beyond geographical boundaries, there is also an opportunity to build a well-known brand name and more credibility. We can engage more people online, develop a customer database and send them offers/E-greetings etc. in order to create some customer loyalty. Customers who live far away can be expected to pay a visit to the store when they come to Jersey Shore boardwalk. Threats: There are many online stores selling clothing, with very strong channels of distribution and more financial resources. Many have already built a name for themselves so it may be hard to convince customers to buy from a lesser known store. Some competing stores will have more knowledge of foreign markets and perhaps representatives there who can keep them abreast of any changes in those markets in terms of buyers’ needs, affordability, market size/growth, etc. Engaging in e-Commerce means that the business will become an international business and one will have to consider factors such as trust, culture, language, government and infrastructure when catering to foreign markets. First of all, initially the store will select and focus on a few foreign markets, which are close in terms of geographical distance as well as in terms of language, culture, etc. For instance, products can be supplied to the United Kingdom and some other European countries. Of course, the current fashion trends in these countries will need to be looked into but chances are they will be similar. Their culture in terms of clothing is the same, so one can expect them to buy t-shirts, tunics, skirts, pants, etc. English is the

GLOBAL BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GLOBAL BUSINESS - Essay Example This business report further illustrates the idea that studying the business environment can help in the actual planning and decision-making activity. This is evident in the case of SWOT analysis and Force Field analyses, both are important for actual decision-making technique. Furthermore, highlighting the case of ‘The Guardian’ and the actual scenario in the newspaper industry in the developed economies will help us understand more about the potential impact of the mentioned analyses. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Findings 4 SWOT Analysis of ‘The Guardian’ 5 Description of Lewin’s Force Field Analysis 7 Force Field Analysis of the newspaper industry in the developed economies 7 Description of the Indian newspaper industry 7 Conclusion 8 References 9 Introduction The newspaper industry especially in the developed countries is going through a remarkable change. There are factors that can help explain this change. Although the pe riod of change has taken its place in the developed economies, the story is quite different in India. To deal more of this, the following points are included in this business report. Description of a PEST analysis, its purpose and the business benefit. A PEST analysis for the newspaper industry in the developed economies. ... Description of PEST Analysis. PEST analysis is essentially part of every planning activity, as its sheer purpose is to consider Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological changes in the business environment. This even leads to a high level of decision-making capability or reasonable decisions of the manager, as there will be exposure to probable changes prevailing in the business environment. These changes will therefore help the business world to find ways and means in order to create the remarkable opportunities linked to them. This leads the business world to consider PEST analysis as a management tool that is capable to give smart management and advanced warning of threats, pushing the yellow button to consider finding the right alternative courses of actions to take and outlining the best moves to do to change path if it is necessary. With this, the employment of PEST analysis will be able to guarantee at some certain level the ability of the business not to fall into serious mishaps, but rather a more meaningful view or approach of the new business environment. With the serious challenge linked to the prevailing changes that the newspaper industry in the developed countries is facing today, a PEST analysis is necessary to plan for the necessary courses of actions before things might be too late. PEST analysis for the newspaper industry in the developed countries. The online article, ‘Who killed the newspaper’ reveals some insightful information concerning the probable reasons why the newspaper industry in the developed countries is facing a significant challenge at the moment despite its success in the past years. a. Political. It is revealed that

Strategy Implementation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategy Implementation - Term Paper Example Introduction The main purpose of the paper is a complete investigation of the various significant strategies that have been implemented by Southwest Airlines in order to attain its desired business objectives. The analysis of the strategy implementation of Southwest Airlines will be conducted on the basis of the organizational design, key strategic control procedures, providing primary concern towards human resource issues and the cultural factors that are present in Southwest Airlines. Moreover, the effect of these significant facets upon the implementation of the strategy of Southwest Airlines will also be taken into account in this particular paper. Thus, it can be stated that the analysis regarding the implementation of the assorted business strategies of Southwest Airlines will be accomplished by acquiring a brief idea about the above mentioned facets of Southwest Airlines. Organizational Design of Southwest Airlines The organizational design of Southwest Airlines is known to co mprise several areas that principally include the issues relating to control and authority, division of products, communication and potential market structures. Southwest Airlines emphasizes and possesses strong capability with regard to these significant areas. Due to the expansion of the business of Southwest Airlines, the organization follows a hybrid, complex, multi-divisional arrangement that is based upon vertical as well as horizontal differentiation and is quite concerned with maintaining a good relationship with the customers by offering them superior quality of service. The major reasons for Southwest Airlines to follow the multi-divisional organizational arrangement are the need for augmenting the competence of the organization, ensuring profitable growth as well as firm control. Moreover, according to the multi-dimensional organizational structure of Southwest Airlines, the organizational behavior is learnt to be controlled through an important aspect of internal upward mobility. This particular facet means that especially the divisional managers of the organization are usually groomed in order to enter the corporate world of Southwest Airlines. They are provided with attractive financial rewards in the form of incentives on the basis of their performance in order to get promoted to higher positions. Additionally, the organizational structure of Southwest Airlines is designed in such a way as to focus upon the demand of the consumers for the purpose of making effective decisions on the basis of their level of satisfaction and reaction (Dearinger, 2010). Key Strategic Control Systems of Southwest Airlines The most important key strategic control system of Southwest Airlines is about the establishment and the execution of point-to-point flights rather than employing the approach of â€Å"hub-and-spoke† mechanism. The application of point-to-point flights instead of utilizing hub or spoke arrangement is regarded as one of the vital airport hub strategies of Southwest Airlines. The other significant strategic control system of the organization is the application of online bookings for its large customer base through the website of the company. It has been apparent that a considerable amount of passenger revenue of Southwest Airlines is generated by the execution of online boo

Mandatory Written Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mandatory Written Assignment - Essay Example It was because of this reason that Ku Klux Klan was formed as a racist terrorist organization and its main aim was to drive black people out of politics. This group re-emerged in 1960s and fought against the Civil Rights Movements in the South. Ku Klux Klan traces its roots in 1866 when a group of six soldiers who had participated in the confederation war came together and formed a social club. They used to call themselves â€Å"kuklos† which is a name borrowed from their Greek college. Later on they changed the name to become "Ku Klux Klan." The members of this group developed a habit of walking in the night disguised in masks and robes. It did not take long before they transformed themselves into a political movement and started controlling former black slaves that had just been freed following the civil war. The members of this group did not want anything to do with black and so did everything to ensure that the black community does not gain good jobs or political freedom. For example, in 1869 this group terrorized black voters and rebelled against the Republican governments in the South. This group became very powerful as it had members from the White community who were highly respected1. Activities of KKK seemed to be supported by some of the court ruling of the Supreme Court. Republicans government did all they could possibly do to pass laws to stop this organizations from going on with their activities. Unfortunately, Supreme Court made a ruling in 1883 stopping the Congress from trying to make racial discrimination an illegal activity. The ruling said that the Congress lacked the authority to bring to an end or illegalize discriminative activities done by individuals or organizations. This ruling discouraged the national government from carrying on with its efforts of protecting the people from the black community. In general, the Klan community was highly respected and celebrated by the whites who saw

Urban issues assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Urban issues assignment - Essay Example Taking USA and Germany as case studies, the paper seeks to come up with the best possible solutions to these challenges for a sustainable future. Germany and The USA are among the highest motorized countries around the world. Between 2010 and 2014, there were 588 and 786 motor vehicles per 1000 people in Germany and the IUS respectively (National Transportation Statistics). Motorization has in turn increased the demand for parking areas, resulting in problems in consumption of space mainly in central areas. The connection between congestion and parking is also evident where motorists experience delays looking for parking areas, negatively affecting local flow. In both of these countries, there is a high density of population and due to the fact that many households are close to means of public transport, there are a small number of trips made by personal cars owing to the convenience of public transport. There are, however, differences that are still evident. Most Americans depend more on cars as compared to their German counterparts (786 against 588 per 10000 people) as more Germans prefer walking or cycling as well as us of public transport. This over-reliance on motor vehicles by Americans has led to heavy consumption of energy and ultimately resulting in pollution, rendering the current maintenance cost of urban spaces unsustainable (Wellman 336). The American transport system grapples with high number of trips per capita, estimated to be about three times higher as compared to Germany. Americans also spend about 5% of their budget on transport, a crucial amount compared to other countries that pay between 2 and 3% (National Transportation Statistics). For this reason, there has been need to adopt policies that would assist in reducing the over-reliance on automobiles and ultimately aid in reduction of congestion in major areas. For example, one of the most densely populated states,

British Literature Essay Example for Free

British Literature Essay Literature is one of the most effective ways to protest against the society, iniquities in this society. From early times writers and poets used rhythms and stories for ridiculing the upper class of a society. Why do poets use poems to tell about social injustices? The answer is simple. This way a poet can catch and hold the reader’s attention, his emotions. Usually poets in their works present facts in order to capture attention of many people. These are not new facts that are presented to an audience. From early times poets used the words effectively to make people think about the situation and make want them to act in order to change the present state of things. Poets and writers know the exact words and phrases that can influence people’s attitude to this or that situation so that they start acting. Poems are always aimed to reach feelings of people and thus, to pull strings. Literature of every state shows all the complexity of every epoch. When the situation is the same at several countries, it has a worldwide significance. Before talking about poetry, we should answer the question: What is poetry? Poetry is a special way of describing situations, things, ideas, feelings. Poets present their ideas in short phrases. They use rhythm to emphasize their feelings and ideas. Besides, a poet can appeal to reader’s emotions via poems. That is why a poem is easily remembered. A poem can be compared to a photograph as it reflects real life, real situations and feelings. In a poem a poet captures the exact moment and represents it the way he/she has seen it. When you read a poem you see the poet’s subjective evaluation of facts, situations and the epoch in general. Poets of Romantic Movement wrote their poems to share their feelings. They wrote to help people understand their time from the poet’s point of view. This paper is about Romantic Movement in Great Britain. It is devoted to William and Dorothy Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, William Blake, Robert Burns, Mary Wollstonecraft and Joanna Baillie who became a radical group in British literature of their epoch. In the paper special attention is paid to the use of lyric poetry (ballads) and blank verse in poetry of the nineteenth century. British poetry. â€Å"The poem on the page is only a shadow of the poem in the mind. And the poem in the mind is only a shadow of the poetry and the mystery of the things of this word.†    Stanley Kunitz Before analyzing the British poetry of the nineteenth century it is necessary to mention the changes in political, industrial, scientific and cultural spheres of life of that time and caused the changes in British literature having challenged the standards of form and structure in poetry. From 1776 the American and French Revolutions and later the Industrial Revolution astounded Great Britain and Europe and caused disturbances among people. In the second half of the century Charles Darwin published Origins of Species and The Descent of Man that caused the revolution in scientific thought. This was an unrest period and people were forced to evaluate their values and beliefs again. There is no wonder that the British poets changed their world outlook. The first stage of Romanticism in English literature began in 1790s. William Blake was the first major poet who reacted to these changes. His poems were far from standard patterns. The poetry of Blake is characterized by long, unrhymed lines, a steady interplay of opposites (Damrosch 458). A metaphor can be found in titles of Blake’s works. For instance, his series of poems: Songs of Innocence in 1789 and Songs of Experience in 1794; The Marriage of Heaven and Hell etc. Blake believed that opposites are integral parts of life. He wrote about things that we too often forget making the reader look at events from another point of view. Blake tried to use the joy of words. He used figurative language to describe things in an unusual, in a completely new way breaking down the traditions in poetry of his time. Blake’s beginnings were supported by the efforts of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. They have written a collection of poems, anonymously authored, famous for its poems and its preface, entitled Lyrical Ballads in 1798. In the preface a poet deems that poems must regard ‘situations from life’ in ‘the everyday language’. Wordsworth describes poetry as ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’. This expression was the manifesto of the Romantic Movement in poetry presenting revolutionary idea for that time. Moreover, the poet emphasizes on the avoidance of artificial poetic style. He believes language must be understandable and enjoyable for ordinary people. Lyrical Ballads is one of the most significant books which became a major change in the history of English poetry (Damrosch 462). Poems from the collection are written in simple, everyday language. They are concentrated on the appreciation of the power of nature, examination of human personality, inner feelings, emotions and thought with an emphasis on imagination. Lyrical Ballads starts from Coleridge’s long poem Rime of the Ancient Mariner and continues with poems manifesting the nature appreciation, the superiority of emotions and feelings over reason. The romance emphasizes individuality, beauty of nature contrasting to formality and artificiality of the standards in poetry of that epoch. A collection contains Tintern Abbey, The Idiot Boy and other controversial poems of Wordsworth written in everyday language. Poets used an every day language before, thus, they did not use it so that they broke down the rules and standards. Samuel Taylor Coleridge is famous for marvelous The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and the ‘conversation poems’, for example, Frost at Midnight and This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison, as well as for his unfinished works Christabel and Kubla Khan, which is like an obsession that haunts your mind (Damrosch 466). Dorothy Wordsworth, William’s sister, is an English prose writer. Her famous Alfoxden Journal and invaluable Gramere Journals were published in 1897. Her works are full of imagination while describing nature and personalities of unusual qualities. Dorothy’s prose is sudden, clear and natural. You may disagree with her ideas or conclusions. However, the writer could possibly say that it is enough that a reader reflects on her ideas. William Wordsworth wrote many short poems which were aimed at breaking down neoclassical verse. He included new poems in the second edition of the collection – The Brothers and Michael. In his works the author tries to speak about life truthfully sharing his feelings with a reader. Sometimes they share ideas, sometimes – a question. These poems and marvelous lyrics were written in his great decade. Thus, the most famous poem of William Wordsworth is his autobiographical philosophical poem The Prelude. This is a spiritual autography in which the author puts questions of philosophical value, about the purpose of his existence, of his value as a poet. In this work William Wordsworth is the major hero. The author places imagination on the first place among human talents. This work is better to call an epic as it consists of 8000 lines and is separated into 14 books (Damrosch 471). It is necessary to mention Joanna Baillie, a poet and dramatist. She wrote plays in verse which were highly appreciated. However, she is famous largely for her first published work, a collection of lyrics Fugitive Verses in 1790. Another talented English writer is Mary Wollstonecraft. She is famous for her works about equality of women concerning education and social life. Mary Wollstonecraft was a member of a radical group together with William Blake and later William Wordsworth. All her life Mary Wollstonecraft remained a passionate defender of women rights. In her works she was bringing up a fulmination against social inequality of women. She wrote Thoughts on the Education of Daughters in 1787 and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, which contains a fulmination and a plea concerning equality for women, in 1792. The second stage of Romanticism began in 1805 and was marked by appreciation of history value, attention to origins, to works of Renaissance time. One of the most noted poets of the second stage is George Gordon, Lord Byron. He put the poet in the central place and spoke about imagination in his works (Damrosch 458). Romantic Movement reached its high point of art in the works of Byron. In his poems he emphasizes the individual feelings, emotions of a person, not of several ones; expression of feeling opposes to morality and value of nature to a state. The works of Byron are unique and brilliant, his poetry is an outstanding event connected with the Epoch of Romanticism. When an artist puts paint on canvas, he/she attentively traces shapes and colours for attaining a needful effect. The same Byron does when he writes a poem – he arranges words so that a poem is simple and comprehensible. Byron uses language in unusual way: he chooses words for sound and meaning. He carefully selects and arranges each word to achieve the desirable sound and effect. His major hero is a romantic person who is out of the society. In his poems the author raises the question of immortality. Besides, his works are notable for their flippancy. In 1820s there was a third stage of Romanticism that spread romantic ideas in literature worldwide (Damrosch 458). Summarizing, the Romantic Movement in Britain has three stages; every of stages is famous for poets and their works. At this time poets broke with tradition and tried the relaxed rhythms, everyday language and imagination in their poems. Conclusion. The paper briefly analyzes the three stages of Romantic Movement in Great Britain in general and poets who contributed greatly to the poetry of their country in a more detailed way. Besides, the paper analyzes the peculiarities of literature of that epoch. Having examined the works of William and Dorothy Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, William Blake, Robert Burns, Mary Wollstonecraft and Joanna Baillie, it is clear it was a new generation of poets in the British literature. References: Damrosch D., Wolfson S. J., Manning P. J. (2005). The Longman Anthology of British Literature, Volume 2A: The Romantics and Their Contemporaries, Longman, 3rd Edition, 1120pp.

Gender Roles in United States Essay Example for Free

Gender Roles in United States Essay Gender role can be defined as number of professed personality trait and manners observed by males or females in a given society.   Different culture imposes a different set of expectations on men and women (faqs, n.d). Every culture has a different number of norms that they use to differentiate a perfect male or female with an imperfect one. Who sets these gender roles? What if one is unable to be the perfect male / female? Is it right to restrict people to grow out of the perceived roles into something that is entirely opposite? Why is it assumed that a female will stay home to cook and clean while a man will be the sole bread earner of the house? An extensive debate has been going on for years regarding this topic. Looking around us a commercial selling razor blade will show a man who is rugged and well built and in a shampoo commercial will have a female who couldn’t be any prettier yet she still does the normal things in life. A magazine will always cover a top model and not a housewife. Why does media always shows beautiful, perfect physique females and tall, handsome men, be it an advertisement of food product or a house or any cars? Though over the years, people are being acceptable towards deviation in gender roles. Men and women are working together to understand and adjust to the shift occurring in gender roles Women work hand in hand with men to support living, media shows program covering normal people from the streets and both genders of a family are involved in taking major decisions. This change will defiantly result in better environment at workplaces, better atmosphere at homes, better standards of living for the young generation and an air of equality will amongst the upcoming generation. References Faqs. â€Å"Gender Roles† (Internet), www.faqs.org (Accessed on January 11, 2009)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/8/Gender-roles.html

Report on setting up a mcdonalds franchise in UK

Report on setting up a mcdonalds franchise in UK McDonalds has been proved as successful business through the globe for quite some time now. This report aims at exploring the business potential in setting up a McDonald franchise by researching into its franchise structure. It gives information about the terms and conditions for becoming the McDonalds franchise along with the brief history of its business. It focuses on the strength and weakness of the business and discusses the macro environmental factors that may affect the franchise business. I had further focused on any problem that may arise during the functioning of the franchise and performed a VRIO analysis to check the sustainability of the business. The report end with a brief conclusion about the entire report suggestion whether it is beneficial to go ahead with the project. Introduction The fast food business is fast growing business in the UK and when talking about fast food most often the first name comes to the mind is the McDonalds. It has been a very successful business in its category for a long time now. This report discusses about setting up a franchise of McDonalds in UK and the pro and cons of owning a McDonald franchise. McDonalds has been making profits and is growing even in the current economic downturn. The figure below shows the growth of McDonald over the last year. Figure: McDonalds Historical stock chart (advfn.com, 2010) The above figure shows clear growth of the company selected to invest in getting franchise for. The growth also triggered an interest in researching for getting an franchise for McDonald and get good returns on the investment. This section is divided in to two where the first give a brief account of McDonalds business history while the later discusses the terms and condition for setting up a franchise. The data collection is majorly done from the McDonalds cooperate and associate websites. The later sections discuss the SWOT analysis and the VRIO and finally the report concludes with conclusion and recommendations. McDonalds brief history McDonalds was started by the Dick and Mac McDonald in 1940 in San Bernandino in California. It was a typical drive-in featuring a large menu and car hop services. It started as a barbeque restaurant but in 1948 the actual McDonalds was launched when McDonald brothers shut their restaurant for alterations. The menu was reduced to nine items and staple of the menu was the 15 cent hamburger. Within a year the potato chips were replaced by the world famous French fries. Through its history McDonalds kept on evolving and capturing the expectations of its customers. In 1954 a multi-mixer salesman Ray Kroc met Mc brother to sell his mixers but was fascinated by the operations. The following year in 1955 he opened the first franchise of McDonalds in Des Plaines, Illinois and by 1965 there were over 700 McDonalds restaurant through out United States. In 1958 McDonalds sold its 100 millionth hamburger and by 1959 the 100th McDonald restaurant was opened. In 1965 McDonald celebrated its 10th an niversary with its first public stock offering at $22.5 per share. 1966 saw the first TV commercial of McDonald featuring Ronald McDonald who became an instant hit. In 1967 first McDonald restaurant opened in Canada and Puerto Rico and at present it is having its presence in 118 countries. Over time McDonald kept launching products that gain individual brand images like the Big Mac, quarter pounder and happy meal. The first McDonalds restaurant in Britain opened in Woolwich, south-east London, in 1974 (mcspotlight.org, 2010). In 1978 5000th restaurant was opened in Japan and two years later it celebrated its 25th anniversary. In 1996 McDonald went online as its internet site macdonald.com was launched. McDonald has been evolving rapid in terms of product, technology and organisational strength over the years. McDonald Franchise operation The fast food industry has grown many folds in recent years with many new international and local chains competing with each other. Operating a fast food restaurant has many factors to be considered right from its competitors to the demographics and socio- cultural factors concerning its customers. In case of McDonalds the big brand name and massive advertising may help running the franchise but the most important is obtaining a franchise license. McDonalds people are very concerned about their customers and therefore very careful about whom they choose to serve their customers. The financial terms and conditions involving a McDonald franchise are as follows; The typical cost for owning a McDonalds restaurant ranges from  £125,000 to  £325,000. The investor are required to provide at least 25% of the value as unencumbered funds, the remaining 75% can be funded through a bank loan with favourable funding terms (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010). Theres also a one-off franchise fee of  £30,000 and a training deposit of  £5,000 which is refunded when you complete your training (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010). There are also ongoing fees. These include: Monthly rent on the premises, based on sales and profitability (usually ranging from 10% to 15%) Service Fee for use of the McDonalds system 5% of sales Contribution to the national marketing spend, currently 4.5% (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010). And the returns? Cashflow (before debt repayment) typically ranges from  £95,000 to  £200,000 per year for each restaurant but this isnt guaranteed: it could be more, it could be less (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010). Apart from the above terms and conditions the common questions arise about the benefit the investors get. The investors get equipment and license to operate from a location for a fix term and investors buy the profitability of the business. The McDonalds management expect its franchise owners to actively participate in the daily business of the restaurant and the franchise owners are not allowed to sell their ownership to other person without the managements permission. SWOT Analysis of McDonalds McDonalds has been a successfully evolving business since 1955 and almost half of the top corporate staff employees started as a restaurant level employee. Fortune Magazine 2005 listed McDonalds as the Best Place to Work for Minorities.(McDonalds fact sheet, 2007) The franchise owners and their staff are also required to undergo training in McDonalds. Moreover it invests around a billion USD in training its staff every year. Strengths McDonalds was ranked number one in Fortune Magazines 2008 list of most admired food service companies. One of the worlds most recognizable logos (the Golden Arches) and spokes character (Ronald McDonald the clown). Attractive McDonalds packaging are so popular among the children that according to the Packard Childrens Hospitals Centre research concluded that children age 3 to 5 prefer food given in McDonald packaging over the food without packaging. McDonalds bears a high corporate social responsibility value. They own Ronald McDonald House facilities providing very low cost room and board, food and sibling support for families with children needing extensive hospital care.They also sponsor Olympic athletes and local teams. It is global company that operates more than 23,500 restaurants in 118 countries. Their diversified presence gives them the ability to withstand economic fluctuations which are localized by country. They are very good in adapting to local cultural appeal and requirements. For example, they dont sell beef products in India and facilitate separate entranceto male and females in Middle East, as well serving Halal meat in Muslim dominated regions in UK as well. They are globally present in all major airports, and cities, along the highways, tourist locations, theme parks and inside shopping mall. Locations are selected with careful consideration and selecting the busiest locations possible. They have an efficient, assembly line style of food preparation. In addition they have a systemization and duplication of all their food prep processes in every restaurant (marketingteacher.com, 2010). McDonalds ensures strict compliance with the food quality used in its restaurants and invest producing fresh farm products. The external products used by McDonalds like cheese, yogurt, mayo etc are from top brands who ensure strict quality measures like Kraft Cheese, Nestle Chocolate, Dasani Water, Newmans Own Salad Dressings, Heinz Ketchup, Minute Maid Juice. McDonalds pioneered the provision of printed nutrition fact of its products on its packages. McDonalds offers salads, fruit, roasted chicken, bottled water and other low fat and calorie conscious alternatives. McDonalds has grown into a very big and trustworthy brand worldwide and especially in UK and US so opening a franchise in UK comes with the added advantage of the brand name which help getting the customers easily. McDonalds invests a large amount in advertising in print and motion media thus making life easier for its franchise. Weaknesses McDonalds venture into pizza making failed badly affecting their ability to compete with fast food pizza chains. They have yet to capitalize on the trend towards organic foods. McDonalds have problems with fluctuations in operating and net profits which ultimately impact investor relations. From the perspective of franchisee the problem they have to face is that they cannot use their owned property to run a franchise if it nota site of interest to McDonalds. In that case they have to bear an additional sum for renting place offered by McDonalds. Opportunities The current UK generation is more attracted towards healty or low calorie food thus McDonalds has a very good chance introduce healthy or low calorie hamburgers. Provide optional allergen free food items, such as gluten free and peanut free. It has a great scope in introduce hot beverages along with healthy breakfast option helping it compete with coffee shops and other fast food restaurants. Threats Their marketing to children often attracts criticism from parent advocate groups questioning their ethics. In Britain, McDonalds has infamously registered itself in to the record books for fighting the longest-ever libel suit in the country (mcspotlight.org, 2010). High food safety standards need to be maintained even a small contamination issue can land them in trouble. The other threats are from major international fast food restaurant chains like KFC, Burger King and Subway etc. Apart from the big names it faces potential threat from the local fried chicken chains. In order to decide on investing in the franchise a VRIO analysis of McDonald is done in the next section to test the sustainability of the venture. VRIO Analysis for McDonald franchise in UK VRIO stands for Value, rarity, Imitability and organisational support where Value is the firm ability to neutralise external threats using resources and capabilities. Rarity is control if resources in the hands of few while imitability is the difficulty to imitate in any way. Value: Mc Donald hold a high value in accordance to its brand image and exploitation of the available resources which had helped it evolved successfully for more than five decades. Rarity: The utility of the resource may be franchise oriented and spread through its breadth but the main control still remains in the hands of the top 50 management authorities. The franchisee has to follow the company rules strict to run a franchise of McDonalds. Imitability: McDonald may not be difficult to imitate in aspect of the product but its functionality is very difficult to achieve. Organisation support: McDonalds is always ready to exploit new resource and evolve and the organisation structure is well organised and provides a good support to its franchise operations. Value Rarity Imitability Organization Competitive implications Network infrastructure Yes Yes No Yes Temporary competitive advantage Diversified revenue base Yes Yes No Yes Temporary competitive advantage Leading market position Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustained competitive advantage The VRIO framework of McDonalds Looking at the above VRIO frame it can be said that McDonald has a sustainable competitive advantage and thus it seem to be vice decision to invest in the project. Conclusion The report deals with the franchise operation of McDonald and UK was selected as the location for the franchise. UK was selected on basis of the brand image and success of the franchise network of McDonalds. It has a very good customer base in UK which are very loyal as well. McDonald has good organisational support to its franchise in terms of training and publicity. It also operates a centralized recruitment drive which helps the franchise to get desired employees without having a headache to hunt for them. The SWOT analysis reveals a large number of strengths as well good opportunities to work on thus large scope to increase profitability. The VRIO analysis also indicates a competitive sustainability thus it is recommended to invest in the project.

Laurent Clerc Pioneer Teacher Essays -- Essays Papers

Laurent Clerc Pioneer Teacher 1785-1869 Laurent Clerc was born in LaBalme, France, on Dec. 26 1785. His father was Mayor of the town and the family could boast of a long line of magistrates in the Clerc lineage. At the age of one, the infant fell from a kitchen chair by accident into a nearby fireplace. He was burned on one side of his face and a fever left him totally deaf. He had uncle also named Laurent Clerc, who heard about the school for the deaf in Paris. When he was twelve years old, his uncle brought him to Paris and took him in the Royal Institution for the Deaf. In 1816, his eight year as a teacher, an event happened which changed the course of his life. He met a young idealist from America, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, who had gone to Paris to learn the best method of educating the deaf. Gallaudet could spend three months at the Royal Institution. He realized that Clerc had the expertise and "deaf experience" to help him fulfill his mission of found the first school for the deaf in America. Clerc became the assistant. Clerc and Gallaudet rode on the ship. Gallaudet taught Clerc the English language and Clerc taught Gallaudet sign language. They arrived in New York on Aug.9th. Gallaudet was Clerc's interpreter and Clerc gave many speeches. They spent the next seven months traveling throughout the east, from Boston to Philadephia. They also interviewed parents of deaf children. The first school was established at Hartford. It opened on April 15, 1817. Gall...

The Role of Women in Buddhism :: essays research papers

In examining the Buddhism religion, particurally the role of women in Buddhism, it was quite clear that the religion of Buddhism is practiced very different from country to country. Buddhism is a philosophy of life expounded by Gautama Buddha ("Buddha" means "enlightened one"), who lived and taught in northern Inda in the 6th Century B.C. The Buddha was not a god and the philosophy of Buddhism does not entail any theistic world-view. The teachings of the Buddha are aimed solely to liberate sentient beings from suffering. Women have been a part of Buddhism since the Buddha first made his enlightenment known in Northeast India in the 6th century BC. Looking back to the earliest roots, several nuns and laywomen were among the Buddha’s ablest and wisest Diceples. The everyday role of women in many countries is quite different from that defined in Buddhist scriptures. Pure Buddhist ideology The Buddah originally banned women from monastic practice (nuns) but later reversed his decision, allowing them to practice in seperate quarters. The Buddist scriptures say very little about women, treating them as equals. In one scripture, the Visuddhi Magga, a monk asked, â€Å"Reverend Sir, have you seen a woman pass this way?† And the elder said: Was it a woman or a man that passed this way? I cannot tell. But this I know, a set of bones is travelling upon this road. Although this verse attempts to show the equality of women on the spiratual path, there was, and still is... sexual stereotypes present in the culture of Buddhist communities. By contrast to such bigoted practices that hinder spiritual development, Buddhism can be claimed to be the least discriminatory in attitudes towards women. There is no doubt at all that the Buddha was the first religious teacher who gave women equal and unfettered opportunities in the field of spiritual development. Although He had on several occasions pointed out the natural tendencies and weaknesses of women in general, He also gave due credit to their abilities and capabilities. He truly paved the way for women to lead a full religious life. This implied that they were equally able to develop and purify their minds and realize the bliss of Nibbana as well as men. This fact is amply proven by the testimonies of the Theris (Nuns) during the Buddha's time. The teachings of the Buddha did a great deal to wipe off numerous superstitious beliefs and meaningless rites and rituals - which also included sacrifices - from the minds of many people.

Emily Dickinsons Use of Nature Essay -- essays papers

Emily Dickinsons Use of Nature Dickinson’s Use of Nature Emily Dickinson uses nature as a major theme in a lot of her poetry. Quite often, Dickinson overlaps the theme of nature with the theme of death as well as love and sexuality, which were the other major themes in her work. Dickinson describes nature in many different ways. She uses is to describe her surroundings and what she sees as well as a metaphor for other themes. In Dickinson’s poem, â€Å"A narrow Fellow in the Grass†, she describes a snake moving through the grass. Dickinson writes, â€Å"A narrow Fellow in the Grass/ Occasionally rides-/ You may have met him- did you not/ His notice sudden is-/ The Grass divides as with a Comb-†. She describes the shape of the snake, narrow, and how it would be a familiar animal to most people. She goes on to explain what it looks like to see the snake sliding its way through the grass. Dickinson also describes how the snake sneaks up on her. They go almost unnoticed until they are right in front of you because they are so sneaky, low to the ground and so quiet. Dicki...

How College Students Use Wikipedia for Course-Related Essay

Why then are academics so wary about the use of Wikipedia within universities? There are a number of related reasons. Before outlining them we should acknowledge that there may be differences according to academic discipline in attitudes towards Wikipedia. Speaking to academics from the natural and medical sciences over the last year, it seems that those subjects are less concerned with issues of originality of source than the arts and social sciences. It also may be [pic] and this is genuine speculation [pic] that academics in the English speaking world, where most of the academic controversy over Wikipedia use has been, are more sensitive to the source than in other parts of the world. These qualifications aside, there are definite reasons why Wikipedia use is, at the very least, contentious in universities. First, it is the product of anonymous individuals rather than known authorities, Wales is quite explicit on this: One of the fastest things we’re beginning to lose is the view of the world that there are a handful of thoughtful, intelligent people that should be broadcasting their views to everyone. And then the public is some sort of crazed rabble, easily swayed by rhetoric and so forth. Now we have to have a more nuanced understanding. Wikipedia is not necessarily anti-academic but it is anti-elitist as evidenced by the short shrift given to eminent academics in debates when they expected deference (see Keen 2007, 43[pic]4). Second, the non-proprietary nature of Wikipedia cuts against academic culture which valorises the rights of the author and publisher. Third, the anonymity of Wikipedia articles is alien to the cache of the named writer of the journal article or book. Fourth, the collaborative process challenges the norm of individual creation, prevalent in the arts and social sciences. Fifth, as intimated, Wikipedia departs from the standard mode of vetting by peer review. It is not true that articles are not reviewed. On the contrary, they are scrutinised by far more editors than for any journal. However, as the contributor is generally not an academic expert, so the reviewer is not generally an academic expert. So Wikipedia rejects academic custom in the compilation of knowledge. In addition, there are a number of what might be termed ‘learning and teaching’ issues pertaining to its use within universities. First, there is the issue of the accuracy of Teaching in Higher Education 651 Downloaded by [University of Glasgow] at 05:27 12 December 2012 Wikipedia entries, something that relates to the lack of formal expertise and peer review. Reviews of the accuracy of Wikipedia entries by formal expert(s) have actually been generally positive (for natural sciences see Giles 2005; American history Meier 2008). Despite this, the suspicion still surrounds Wikipedia that it cannot be trusted. O’Sullivan’s (2009, 119) assertion that ‘most people probably have an ambivalent attitude toward Wikipedia, thankful for its existence, using it frequently, but with reservations about its total reliability’ seems valid. Some academics would no doubt sympathise with the sardonic observation of comedian Frankie Boyle that Wikipedia entries should begin with ‘I reckon’. Second, some have questioned whether Wikipedia’s determination for studied neutrality is convincing. O’Sullivan (2010) complains that as Wikipedia only displays one voice, diversity is not incorporated and therefore articles become bland. Wales’s response is unapologetic: ‘Guilty as charged, we’re an encyclopedia’ (in Read 2006). Not that his approach to knowledge is without theory, it derives rather from his admiration for the convoluted ‘objectivist philosophy’ of Aryan Rand, the Russian e?migre? philosopher and novelist (Younkins 2007). A third learning and teaching concern is that, regardless of the reliability of Wikipedia, it is in itself an illegitimate form of research. Here the thinking would be that a student who culls Wikipedia for assignments does not understand scholarship. This consists of the consideration of various sources: a judicious sifting and ordering of knowledge, rather than lifting bite sized chunks of text that purport to capture a subject. On this Wales concurs, telling students: ‘For God sake, you’re in college; don’t cite the encyclopedia’ (in Young 2006). Some universities in the US have banned Wikipedia use, whilst others recommend a more discriminating approach (Jaschik 2007; Murley 2008). The latter is what Wales and others within Wikipedia advise: it should be used only as a starting place in academic research, a references source and a revision aid. What, however, is the evidence on Wikipedia use by students and academics at universities?

Han China and Mauryan & Gupta India Essay

Han dynasty and Mauryan/Gupta empires developed in roughly the same time frame and overlapped in the years 320 B. C. E. – 220 C. E. developing in different parts of the globes with their own unique geographies. Both the Han and Mauryan/Gupta empires developed bureaucratic governments that were ruled by kings, but due to the different geographical regions, India’s government was fragmented into local governments. The Han Dynasty of China was structured off of a social philosophy while Mauryan/Gupta India followed a religion which united the subcontinent. The Han and Mauryan/Gupta empires also both developed agrarian economies although their view on the merchant class were nearly opposite. The Han and Mauryan/Gupta empires both created hierarchical, bureaucratic governments. The hierarchy in China’s government was more flexible and was set up in the 5 relationships (ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, oldest son and younger brothers, and friend and friend) whereas India’s hierarchy was rigid and created through the Caste System (Brahmin, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, and finally the Pariah). Ultimately, both hierarchical bureaucracies were led by a king. In China, the Han dynasty was able to create a strong centralized government led by kings who claimed the divine right to rule China, or in the case of the Chinese Dynasties, they claimed the Mandate of Heaven. However, because of the geography of India, such as the Deccan Plateau and the Hindu-Kush Mountains, the government of India was broken up into local governments. Whereas China needed a strong centralized government in order to unite its people, India could get away with having a weak central government because Hinduism would ultimately unite the people of the Mauryan/Gupta empires. Hinduism, the major religion of India which also kept the people of India united when the regional governments could not, was based on the principle of a cycle of rebirth known as samsara. Under this religion, the main focus of the people was to achieve moksha – uniting with Brahman – and escaping samsara. And where the Mauryan/Gupta empires focused on otherworldly ideas, the Han Empire focused on life on earth following the teachings of Confucius. Even though the Mauryan/Gupta empires followed a religion and the Han empire followed a philosophy, both the Mauryan/Gupta and Han empires believed in respecting their superiors. Finally, Han China and Mauryan/Gupta India both created prosperous, agrarian economies. However the Han Empire relied on the production of wheat, rice, and silk and the Mauryan/Gupta Empire relied on the production of cotton. Both empires also relied on the use of conscripted labor but in Han China it was drafted labor and in Mauryan/Gupta India it was through the use of the pariah (â€Å"untouchables†) class from the Caste System of Hinduism. Even though their economies, in principle, are identical, they had vastly differing views of the merchant class. In Han China, they were viewed as the â€Å"mean people† and scum of the Earth whereas in India, they made up the Vaisyas caste which was their middle class.

Managing Hybrid Marketing Systems

Managing Hybrid Marketing Systems In the article we read that companies create hybrid marketing systems by adding channels and communications methods. A company generally must reach new customers or segments to sustain growth. It usually supplements existing channels and methods with new ones designed to attract and develop new customers. This addition of new channels and methods create a hybrid marketing system. Hybrid systems are hard to manage.It is an important way to increase sales and decrease costs. For example, IBM and Apple started adding new channels and communications methods and by these IBM and Apple created hybrid marketing systems. Smart managers recognize the high risks of operating hybrid systems. A hybrid can be hard to manage. The result is the same whether the migration is from direct to indirect channels (such as IBM) or from indirect to direct channels (such as Apple).Hybrid Marketing Systems can offer substantial rewards. For example, if a company captures bene fits of a hybrid system with increased coverage, lower costs and customized approaches then that company will enjoy significant competitive advantage over rivals that cling to traditional ways. The need to contain costs is another powerful force behind the spread of hybrid systems when companies look for ways to reach customers that are more efficient than direct selling.At the heart of the problem of designing and managing hybrid systems is the fundamental question of what mix of channels and communication methods can be best to accomplish the assortment of tasks required to identify, sell and manage customers. The trick to designing and managing hybrid systems is to disaggregate demand-generation tasks both within and across marketing system. It recognizes that channels are not the basic building blocks of a marketing system but marketing tasks are. This analysis of tasks and channels will identify the hybrid’s basic components and permit managers to design and manage the s ystem effectively.A map of tasks and channels is called a hybrid grid. It can help managers make sense of their hybrid system. For example a hybrid grid can be used to illustrate graphically what happened at Write Line and what have happened differently. In seeking to build and manage hybrid system the companies must recognize and communicate the existence of conflict as the first and most important step. Maintaining order in a hybrid marketing system is a complex administrative challenge. An MSP system acts as the central nervous system that coordinates the channels and tasks of a hybrid system.

Kudler Fine Foods

Firstly, it is necessary to mention that Kudler Fine Foods is a famous food store in a Southern California that offers its customer one of the finest foods and ingredients for home cooking. Actually, Kudler ensures one stop shopping for all customers meaning they are able to find all necessary products in one store. According recent marketing investigations Kudler is experiencing significant growth and it is going to expand and to work out new marketing strategies.   In the previous years only about 20% of customers were very satisfied with services provided, whereas more than 25% were fully disappointed. Therefore, Kudler Fine Foods is highly interested in working out such a system that would give customers an excellent opportunity to make purchases through so-called Frequent Shopper Program. So, the primary goal to achieve is to investigate customers behavior when purchasing at individual level and then to establish loyalty points program to make customers more interested and motivated in Kudler’s services. One more idea is to allow customer to redeem their obtained points. The next goals are to cut costs, to organize ordering procedures to save time, and to offer competitive prices. There will be a need to synchronize Kudler’s inventory. All the goals to be tracked and set are determined, achievable, real and measurable. Therefore, they can be used in evaluating the degree of success. The project goals should also include economic analysis, whereas special attention should be paid to analyzing costs and benefits. It makes Kudler rely on the economic stability and growth to prosper. With the economic stability the company will be able to get new resources for growth and specialization. The tangible measures for success are exploring financial costs, identifying necessary resources and setting the timeframe. There is a need to identify tasks and duties at individual level.   In order to prove that the current project is tangible and feasible, the company’s team should cover all the areas discussed. References Kudler Fine Foods. Retrieved August 13, 2007, from http://kudler.com/   

Charles Chocolate case Essay Example for Free

Charles Chocolate case Essay Traelene beals â€Å"9am Friday† First, a formal case analysis – This should be written in a business style format using short paragraphs and sentences, self-explanatory headings, and any figures/tables that would facilitate reading. Reports are to be no longer than 2000 words (excluding appendices Issues to be addressed – No measures of productivity or efficiaency in the plant- no way of telling if the plant was doing a good job. Difficult demand forcasting due to seasonality of sales. 2 new stores had ok type sales. Best clients of Wholesale sales changed focus on cheaper items and also own products. Sales agents could be fired with 90 days notice. Other parts of US haven’t heard of us. Of the 221 wholesale customers purchase just $1000 worth of products. Other 125 purchase between 1000 and 2000 per year. Sales agents, don’t know how to represent the all products. Speculating future orders from wholesale clients to customize boxes and logos-waste of capital. 60% of the total online/phone orders were from existing customers. Online sales haven’t grown – orders processed within 3-4 days. Why ship internationaly(only 5%)—Antartica Really Summer problem at Sandwich heaven – why did staff leave? How to get new staff in this tight labour market. Marketing service – old fashioned — Undefined Target market? Packaging ? (tourists publicatins, seasonal print media and radio spots) How to increase awareness without diluting the brand. Leverage on solid search engine raankings to promote online sales Basic website, reminder service to customers-good/bad? Sales agents dint provide links to top accounts. Companies revenues had grown because of Sandwich heaven(franchising) High reliability on tourism. Corporate gift marketing – 25% discount – market was good – Explore boston ? ice cream sales Increase retail penetration? Acquire a niche chocolate company? What about the tradiotnal brand name? Internal capacity? Relocate factory? Background Charles produced high-quality, hand wrapped chocolates, Portland creams. Best quality, many loyal customers across the world. Huge factory(24000 sq foot)-owned-. Only 75 retail and 35 production employees, 20 in management. Working hours 7am-4pm(each day). – Leverage long shelf life Wholesale production required early planning and online sales required late production†¦ Production planning was completed by data distortions arising from out-of stock and over stock issues. – out of stock-over production – killed the pricing – by discount pricing. Special orders put the whole order on a stand still Retail stores provided 50% of sales. – Wholesale had 30% of sales – Charles is just used as an add on product. Online and phone – online 4% of total sales. –phone is 6% of total sales—60% of all these orders were from regular orders.. Avg sales $138 by phone and $91 from website†¦High growth industry†¦ Sandwich heaven – 10% of sales – Industry High demand for organic/dark chocolate- anti oxidant properties. Charles Chocolate case. (2018, Oct 13).

Public perception or opinion on GREEN IT practices in Organisations Essay

Public perception or opinion on GREEN IT practices in Organisations - Essay Example The adoption of Green IT ensures that IT technologies have minimal impact on the environment. Today’s businesses, organizations, learning and government institutions are dependent on technology. For instance, it is now possible to shop from the comfort of our homes thanks to the ever growing IT technologies. People are nowadays more glued to their Personal Computers, laptops, smart phones and every kind of electronic devices that simplifies communication. With every passing day, newer, better and more advanced communication devices are released to the market. This implies that the older versions quickly become obsolete and outdated and are constantly replaced with the newer ones. This reliance on technology also implies that more ink and paper are used. The introduction of Green IT to organizations, therefore, is a move that aims at reducing the use of environmentally harmful materials, improve energy efficiency during the use of IT materials and market biodegradability and re cyclability of all IT waste materials in various organizations (Wilcox & Charlotte 2009). This ensures that the IT practices of an organization do not have adverse effects to the environment. In order to promote ICT sustainability, it is important to study the concepts involved and the impact that their adoption in various organizations will have on the environment. This study helps us identify the potential practices that once incorporated in the everyday activities within an organization will help minimize the impact of IT use on the environment. The success of the practice of Green IT largely depends on the public’s acceptance of the practice. People have felt the impact of environmental degradation and are now willing to accept green practices. More people are getting involved in environmental conservation practices and therefore the sustainable ICT. Public Perception of Green IT An environmentally green neighborhood directly translates to a better quality of life of a co mmunity. This implies that greener landscape promotes healthy living. Before a given group of people can accept new life practices, there is a need to educate them on the importance of the practice and to impact to their lives. The results are practices and daily activities that minimize waste and thus conserve the environment. The public will always be worried about accompanying results that comes with the adoption of sustainable ICT. These include financial concerns, perceived disconnects and misperception of terms. While most people in organizations had never heard of Green IT, many considered it as a service or infrastructure delivered by the government. Contrary to the reality, a group of the public also considers introduction of Green Computing to organizations as more expensive. Consequently, people are more concerned on the cost of installation of the sustainable IT infrastructure and their respective maintenance costs. Green IT: Green IT Practices in Organizations The opera tion and communication within organizations have gone paperless. The use of printed hardcopy materials is being minimized with the adoption of electronic archiving and documentation. Instead of using hardcopy documentation, organizations are now promoting the adoption of softcopy materials thereby minimizing the use of

Computer Forensics Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer Forensics Assignment 2 - Essay Example That demands setting up evidence storage container or lockers. Such lockers ensure security of evidence stored and restricted access by authorized staff. Locks installed should be of high quality and have limited possibilities of distribution of duplicate-keys. Evidence storages should be subject to regular inspections to ensure only current evidence are kept therein and closed cases’ evidence are relocated to secure locations in an off-site facility. The evidence container should be in a position restricted to authorized staff members and the number of people granted access should be minimum. Furthermore, only authorized staff members should inspect lock combinations. In case the investigations use intel-based PCs, computers are necessary. There is need to acquire the right Operating Systems (OS) and other applications. Computer forensics software package should form part of the software acquired (Nelson, Phillips & Steuart, 2009). Specialized software are similarly important. They include software such as Peachtree. Disk-editing software are also necessary for evidence analysis (Nelson, Phillips & Steuart, 2009). Computers may contain incriminating evidence including DNA but professional curiosity has a potential to destroy evidence. It is, therefore, imperative to properly document, collect and package the evidence from a crime scene. The U.S DOJ standards for seizing digital evidence are applicable (The Office of Legal Education, 2011). In the case of a drug dealer’s computer, the following process should be applicable. The investigator should seize the computer together with other peripherals found at the scene. Peripherals include cell phones, scanners and cameras. Printers CDs, DVDs and USB devices should also be seized. After that, the investigators should recognize information that can serve as evidence from the scene of crime. The next stage is to document the evidence

Loophole in the Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Loophole in the Legal System - Essay Example More specific questions regarding the influence of race on jury decision-making have also emerged from this spate of well-publicised cases: How does a defendant's race influence juror's perception and judgement How does the racial composition of a jury affect its deliberations and final decision Is the influence of race on jurors the same in all trails What difference, if any, would it make if more of the lawyers representing criminal defendants were racial minorities Studies show that Justices of the courts who served from 1789-1962 were socially atypical of the average American background: they came from upper-class families, attended the best law schools, were white male and generally protestant (Abraham, 1962; Ulmer, 1973). This unrepresentative nature of the courts can challenge the legitimacy of an institution. A judicial system of white men can be seen as producing only white man's justice. Another reason one can posit for the desirability of minorities in the judiciary is assimilation. America's heterogeneous population is clustered in groups that thrive along racial, religious, and national-background harmonization (Gordon, 1964). With the Hispanic population growing at a rapid rate, with blacks, Native American Indians, Asians, Jews, and White Anglo-Saxons, America, as a nation, faces the problem of how these groups can exist alongside one another. The United States is a pluralistic society.

Management and leadership Development Coursework

Management and leadership Development - Coursework Example Just like, organisation leaders, national leaders need to understand the role and responsibilities of effective managers. The need to understand some of the most essential concepts in leadership and management by professionals and business executives is facilitated by the changing nature of market and market dynamic in modern society (Day2001, p. 613). The need to cope with the current competition in local and international markets has as well enhanced the increased the demand of the knowledge on leadership and management (Cromwell & Kolb 2004, p. 471, Day, 2001, p. 91). At present, there are numerous researches that have been undertaken to understand some of the most complicated concepts of leadership and management development (Bass, 1999, p.31). However, researchers have universally defined the concepts leadership and management development as broad activities that facilitate and support one’s ability to lead and manage other people and professionals in a specified social s etting (Leithwood, Karen, Stephen and Kyla, 2010, p. 91, Reed, 2005, p. 163). In a good number of organisational structures, the interaction between leaders and managers has played a very essential role in their productivity and expansion (Collier, & Esteban, 2000, p.207, Palus & Horth, 2004, p439). Many researchers have attributed the development and expansion of most of the modern global corporations and institutions with effective interaction between leadership and management in their management and operations (Chappelow, 2004, p.81, Conger 1999, 179, Dering 1998, p. 32). As defined, managers in organisations are professionals who have the responsibility and ability of managing the organization through controlling all production processes. Managers have the responsibility of ensuring that, all activities and operations in an organisation are effectively managed and controlled (Martineau 2007, P.23, Procter 2002, p. 27). On the other hand, leadership is described as ability and sk ills of setting attainable goals in reference to the organisation goals and objectives. Leaders in any organization should therefore have the ability of communicating the set goals to others employees in a way that would enhance harmonious and voluntary teamwork in order to accomplish the established objectives and goals (Sankar 2003, p.45). To succeed in modern complicated corporate market, any organization ought to have effective and well-qualified managers and leaders. In any organisation, a manager has the responsibility of controlling, leading, organising and planning the organisation activities (Lukas, Holmes, 2007, p. 91). Therefore, some scholars have defined management as activities and functions that determine the manner in which organisation technical, human, informational and physical resources are coordinated and arranged to perform a specified responsibility that is designed to benefit the organization. Moreover, an effective leadership implies that, a qualified manage r must have the ability of influencing critical process and operations in an organisation. Leaders in an organization should be focused on facilitating creation of systems, methods and strategies for building capacities and knowledge (Burns, 1978, p. 17). Although leadership and management development are used interchangeably, some scholars have identified very specific differences between leadershi

The state of Journalism in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The state of Journalism in America - Essay Example As America cities such as Boston, Washington, New York and Philadelphia grew so did journalism. The telegraph, larger printing presses, alongside other technological innovations provided for mass printing of newspapers, and boosted circulation of the newspaper thereby increasing revenues collected (Winfield, 2008). In large cities, some of the newspapers were politically independent. For smaller cities, most were closely tied to political parties, which were used to communicate and campaign. The editorials of such newspapers explained party position on current issues while damning the opposition. The press expanded rapidly as the major support element in the American party systems. By 1900 key newspapers had turned into profitable power houses of muckraking, sensationalism and advocacy, along with professional news gathering. In the late 19th Century much of United States Journalism were housed in large media conglomerates. The digital journalism was later introduced in the 21st Cent ury, with all newspaper facing business crisis as readers turned to internet as their major source of getting news with advertisers following them (Joyce, & Nip, 2006). The increasing growth of the impact of internet, particularly in after 2000, introduced â€Å"free† news. It also classified advertisements to audiences that could no longer care for paid subscriptions. Many dally newspapers had the business model undercut by the Internet. Bankruptcy loomed across America and even hit major papers such as the Chicago Tribune, the Loss Angeles Times, and the Rocky Mountain news among many others. Since then, journalism has never remained the same. This paper explores the state of journalism in America.... However, like other public service broadcasting corporations in which journalists operate, often derive some of their funding from the government. Some public service corporations derive their funding from the community or non-profit organizations. Other forms of funding include pledges from sponsors. The government directly discharges broadcasting services, albeit their limited number. Public broadcasting corporations often come with their programs. They also purchase the programs from distributing and producing companies such as APT, APM and NPR, among others. The funding of the public broadcasting corporations are channeled through the Public Broadcasting Corporation (Brad, 1994). The Public Broadcasting Television service receives support from the viewers, as well as commercial sponsors. It is this feature that has made them to be characterized as commercial broadcasting corporations. However, it is worth noting that the commercial advertisements are often limited, short and rela tively muted. Technologies have enabled the public to access the channels of television through the cable systems, which are funded by the franchise fees and television donations (Brad, 1994). The United States’ public broadcasting television channels have been widely criticized for leaning towards conservatism. Since 2012, erosion of news reporting resources has continued to converge with increasing opportunities for those on government agencies, politics, companies with others taking messages directly to the public (Fuller, 1999). In 2012, there were signs of shrinking in reporting power. The estimates for cutbacks in the newspaper newsroom in 2012 put media industry down 30 percent since 2000. It also put the industry below 40,000 employees who are on a full-time